Graphic design, CRAP, and theme()

# Graphic design, CRAP, and `theme()`

.class-info[
<figure>
 <img src="img/00/ggplot-logo.png" alt="ggplot" title="ggplot" width="15%">
</figure>
]

---

---

# Why even care about design?

.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/why-design.png" alt="Why care about design?" title="Why care about design?" width="100%">
</figure>
]

---

# Principles of design

.box-inv-3.medium[There are thousands of books and centuries of debate and theory about what makes good design.]

.box-3.medium[The easiest and most memorable distillation of these principles is **CRAP**.]

---

# CRAP

]

.pull-right.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/williams-design-book.jpg" alt="Robin Williams's The Non-Designers Design Book" title="Robin Williams's The Non-Designers Design Book" width="65%">
 <figcaption>Buy this book and your life will change forever.</figcaption>
</figure>
]

---

---

# Contrast

.box-inv-1.large[If two items are not exactly the same, make them different. Really different.]

.box-1.large[**Don't be a wimp.**]

---

# Typographic contrast: Family

.box-1.small[Serif + Sans serif&emsp;&emsp;Script + Serif&emsp;&emsp;Slab + Sans serif&emsp;&emsp;etc.]

<table>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Serif</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'EB Garamond'">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Sans serif</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'Oswald'">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Slab serif</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'Alfa Slab One'">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Script</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'Dancing Script'">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Monospaced&emsp;</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'Inconsolata'">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
</table>

---

# Typographic constrast: Family

.pull-left.frame[

Here’s a heading

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.

]

.pull-right.frame[

Here’s a heading

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.

]

---

# Typographic contrast: Weight

.box-1.small[Bold + Regular&emsp;&emsp;Regular + Extra light&emsp;&emsp;Black + Light&emsp;&emsp;etc.]

<table>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Extra light&emsp;</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro'; font-weight: 200;">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Light</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro'; font-weight: 300;">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Regular</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro'; font-weight: 400;">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Semi bold</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro'; font-weight: 600;">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Bold&emsp;</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro'; font-weight: 700;">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td class="cell-left">Black</td>
 <td class="cell-left" style="font-family: 'Source Sans Pro'; font-weight: 900;">Sphinx of black quartz, judge my vow</td>
 </tr>
</table>

---

# Typographic constrast: Weight

.pull-left.frame[

Here’s a heading

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.

]

.pull-right.frame[

Here’s a heading

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.

]

---

# Size contrast

&nbsp;

---

# Color contrast

.box-1.tiny[[color.adobe.com](https://color.adobe.com)]

.pull-left[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/triad.png" alt="Triad" title="Triad" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Triad</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
 <img src="img/02/monochromatic.png" alt="Monochromatic" title="Monochromatic" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Monochromatic</figcaption>
</figure>
]

.pull-right[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/complementary.png" alt="Complementary" title="Complementary" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Complementary</figcaption>
</figure>

<figure>
 <img src="img/02/complementary-split.png" alt="Split complementary" title="Split complementary" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Split complementary</figcaption>
</figure>
]

---

# Color contrast

.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/palette-atl-extracted.png" alt="Extracted colors" title="Extracted colors" width="50%">
 <figcaption>Colors extracted from an image at <a href="https://color.adobe.com">color.adobe.com</a></figcaption>
</figure>
]

???

Photo by [Brad Huchteman](https://unsplash.com/photos/sR1Kz2auNJE) on Unsplash

---

# Usability and accessibility

.box-inv-1.medium[Perceptually uniform colors]

.box-1[Values close to each other use similar colors, and values far from each other use different colors]

.box-inv-1.medium[Colorblind-safe colors]

---

# Perceptually uniform colors

.pull-left[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/palettes-typical.png" alt="Typical palettes" title="Typical palettes" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Traditional palettes vs. viridis</figcaption>
</figure>
]

.pull-right[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/palettes-deuteranopic.png" alt="Deuteranopic palettes" title="Deuteranopic palettes" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Traditional palettes vs. viridis as seen with deuteranopia</figcaption>
</figure>
]

---

# Perceptually uniform colors

.pull-left-3[
<figure>
<img src="02_crap-themes_files/figure-html/ga1-1.png" width="360" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

<figcaption>Georgia counties filled by area, rainbow palette (NOT GOOD)</figcaption>
</figure>
]

.pull-middle-3[
<figure>
<img src="02_crap-themes_files/figure-html/ga2-1.png" width="360" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

<figcaption>Georgia counties filled by area, viridis::viridis palette</figcaption>
</figure>
]

.pull-right-3[
<figure>
<img src="02_crap-themes_files/figure-html/ga3-1.png" width="360" style="display: block; margin: auto;" />

<figcaption>Georgia counties filled by area, viridis::inferno palette</figcaption>
</figure>
]

---

---

# Repetition

&nbsp;

.box-4.large[Repeat some aspect of the design throughout the entire piece.]

---

# Things to repeat

.box-4.medium[Colors]

.box-4.medium[Fonts]

.box-inv-4.sp-after[Families, weights, sizes]

.box-4.medium[Graphical elements]

.box-4.medium[Alignments]

---

layout: false
class: bg-full
background-image: url("img/02/oxfam-annual-report.jpg")

???

Source: Pages 5 and 9 from Oxfam's 2019 Annual Report/: https://assets.oxfamamerica.org/media/documents/2019_Oxfam_America_Annual_Report_web.pdf

If you want to see generally great examples of public sector designs, search for "<big charity or think tank name> annual report", like "red cross annual report" or "urban institute annual report"

---

---

# Alignment

&nbsp;

.box-1.large[Every item should have a visual connection with something else on the page.]

---

# Alignment

.pull-left[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/alignment-bad.png" alt="Bad alignment" title="Bad alignment" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Bad alignment</figcaption>
</figure>
]

.pull-right[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/alignment-good.png" alt="Good alignment" title="Good alignment" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Good alignment—everything is connected to something</figcaption>
</figure>
]

???

Source: Robin Williams, *The Non-Designer's Design Book*

---

# Alignment + repetition

.pull-left[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/alignment-bad-annotated.png" alt="Bad alignment" title="Bad alignment" width="100%">
 <figcaption>4 vertical alignments; 3 horizontal alignments</figcaption>
</figure>
]

.pull-right[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/alignment-good-annotated.png" alt="Good alignment" title="Good alignment" width="100%">
 <figcaption>1 shared vertical alignment; 2 horizontal alignments</figcaption>
</figure>
]

---

# Alignment + contrast

.pull-left.frame[

Chapter 1

Here’s a title

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.

]

.pull-right.frame[

Chapter 1

Here’s a title

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, con&shy;sec&shy;tetur adi&shy;pis&shy;icing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor in&shy;ci&shy;di&shy;dunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua.

]

---

---

# Proximity

&nbsp;

.box-inv-4.large[Group related items together.]

---

# Proximity

.box-inv-4[Use white space, color, location, contrast, repetition, alignment, etc. to make visually distinct groupings]

.pull-left[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/proximity-bad.png" alt="Bad proximity" title="Bad proximity" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Bad proximity; no logical groupings</figcaption>
</figure>
]

.pull-right[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/proximity-good.png" alt="Good proximity" title="Good proximity" width="100%">
 <figcaption>Good proximity; information visually grouped</figcaption>
</figure>
]

???

Source: Robin Williams, *The Non-Designer's Design Book*

---

---

# CRAP review

<figure>
 <img src="img/02/review-contrast.png" alt="Contrast" title="Contrast" width="100%">
</figure>
]

<figure>
 <img src="img/02/review-repetition.png" alt="Repetition" title="Repetition" width="100%">
</figure>
]
]

<figure>
 <img src="img/02/review-alignment.png" alt="Alignment" title="Alignment" width="100%">
</figure>
]

<figure>
 <img src="img/02/review-proximity.png" alt="Proximity" title="Proximity" width="100%">
</figure>
]
]

---

# Applying CRAP to ggplot

.box-inv-3.medium[We can apply CRAP principles to ggplot plots with `theme()`]

.box-inv-3[`theme()` is exceptionally complex, but smart people have made well-designed themes already]

.box-3.medium[`theme_*()`]

---

# Like this!

```r
library(hrbrthemes)

ggplot(penguins, aes(x = body_mass_g, 
                     y = bill_depth_mm,
                     color = species)) +
  geom_point(size = 2) +
  theme_ipsum_ps()
```
]

---

# And this!

```r
library(hrbrthemes)

ggplot(penguins, aes(x = body_mass_g, 
                     y = bill_depth_mm,
                     color = species)) +
  geom_point(size = 2) +
  theme_modern_rc()
```
]

---

# Or this!

```r
library(ggthemes)

ggplot(penguins, aes(x = body_mass_g, 
                     y = bill_depth_mm,
                     color = species)) +
  geom_point(size = 2) +
  scale_color_economist() +
  theme_economist()
```
]

---

# And even this!

```r
library(ggpomological)

ggplot(penguins, aes(x = body_mass_g, 
                     y = bill_depth_mm,
                     color = species)) +
  geom_point(size = 2) +
  scale_color_pomological() +
  theme_pomological_fancy()
```
]

---

# Your turn #1

.box-3.small[I have already had you load a few theme-specific packages like **ggthemes**, **hrbrthemes**, and **tvthemes**]

.box-3.small[Start typing `theme_` and you'll get a popup of all the possible themes you can use]

.box-3.small[Or google "r tvthemes" to find the documentation and examples]

---

---

# One magic, powerful function

&nbsp;

.box-inv-3.huge[`theme()`]

---

# Theme system

.center[
<figure>
 <a href="https://henrywang.nl/ggplot2-theme-elements-demonstration/" target="_blank"><img src="img/02/theme_elements-1024x755.png" alt="ggplot theme elements" title="ggplot theme elements" width="65%"></a>
</figure>
]

???

By [Henry Wang](https://henrywang.nl/ggplot2-theme-elements-demonstration/)

---

# Theme elements

.box-inv-3.medium[Each element in the plot can be targeted]

---

# Theme functions

.box-inv-3.medium[Use special functions to manipulate specific elements]

---

# Pre-made themes

.box-inv-3.medium[The `theme()` function has **94** possible arguments(!!!)]

.box-inv-3.small.sp-after[You can get hyper-specific with things like `axis.ticks.length.x.bottom`]

.box-inv-3.medium[`theme()` can be intimidating!]

.box-inv-3.medium[Use pre-made ones and adjust as needed]

---

# ggThemeAssist

.center[
<figure>
 <img src="img/02/ggThemeAssist2.gif" alt="ggThemeAssit" title="ggThemeAssit" width="70%">
 <figcaption><a href="https://github.com/calligross/ggthemeassist" target="_blank">ggThemeAssist</a></figcaption>
</figure>
]

---

# Your turn #2

.box-3.medium[Use `theme()` to do the following:]

- Make the title bold
- Make the axis titles left-aligned and bold
- Put the legend at the bottom
- Remove minor gridlines

---

```r
ggplot(penguins, 
       aes(x = body_mass_g, 
           y = bill_depth_mm, 
           color = species)) +
  geom_point() +
  labs(title = "Bills are taller in heavier penguins",
       subtitle = "Gentoo penguins are special",
       x = "Weight (g)", y = "Bill depth (mm)", 
       color = "Species") +
  theme_bw() +
  theme(plot.title = 
          element_text(face = "bold"),
        axis.title = 
          element_text(hjust = 0, 
                       face = "bold"),
        legend.position = "bottom",
        panel.grid.minor = element_blank())
```
]

# Your turn #3

.box-3.medium[Use `theme()` to violate every principle of CRAP and make the ugliest plot possible.]

---

# Next up

.box-inv-3.medium[Animated and interactive plots]